Transcriptional Regulation of Acyl-CoA:Glycerol-sn -3-Phosphate Acyltransferases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Ken KarasawaAtsushi Yamashita

Abstract

Acyl-CoA:glycerol-sn-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) is an enzyme responsible for the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerol (TAG). The enzymes of mammalian species are classified into four isoforms; GPAT1 and GPAT2 are localized in the mitochondrial outer membrane, whereas GPAT3 and GPAT4 are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The activity of each enzyme expressed is associated with physiological and pathological functions. The transcriptional regulation is well known, particularly in GPAT1. GPAT1 mRNA expression is mainly regulated by the binding of the transcriptional factor SREBP-1c to the specific element (the sterol regulatory element) flanking the GPAT1 promoter. The TAG level is controlled by the insulin-induced transcriptional expression of GPAT1, which occupies most of the GPAT activity in the liver. The transcriptional regulation of the other three GPAT isoforms remains undetermined in detail. It is predicted that retinoic acid serves as a transcription factor in the GPAT2 promoter. PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) increases the mRNA expression of GPAT3, which is associated with TAG synthesis in adipose tissues. Although GPAT has been consi...Continue Reading

References

Jan 20, 1995·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·A A JerkinsH S Sul
May 30, 1998·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·J D HortonH Shimano
Mar 24, 1999·Trends in Biochemical Sciences·B E KempL A Witters
Nov 26, 1999·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·I ShimomuraJ L Goldstein
Apr 15, 2000·Nature·P G Kopelman
Oct 14, 2000·Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology·J J Repa, D J Mangelsdorf
May 2, 2001·Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics·C QiJ K Reddy
Jul 19, 2001·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·E D Rosen, B M Spiegelman
May 30, 2003·Hepatology : Official Journal of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases·Douglas E HughesRobert H Costa
Dec 5, 2003·Progress in Lipid Research·Rosalind A Coleman, Douglas P Lee
Jan 16, 2004·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Tal M LewinRosalind A Coleman
May 29, 2004·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Varman T SamuelGerald I Shulman
Jul 27, 2004·BioEssays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology·Wouter H MoolenaarBen N G Giepmans
Jan 27, 2006·Journal of Lipid Research·Laurent VergnesKaren Reue
Feb 2, 2006·Journal of Lipid Research·Anne P BeigneuxStephen G Young
Feb 24, 2006·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Sarah E GaleDaniel S Ory
Aug 29, 2006·Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications·Haiyan XuTerry Surowy
Dec 16, 2006·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Jingsong CaoRuth E Gimeno
Mar 29, 2007·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Cynthia A NagleRosalind A Coleman
Apr 21, 2007·Science·Alexei A AravinGregory J Hannon
Nov 21, 2007·Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics·Kawalpreet K AnejaDipak Haldar
Jan 3, 2008·Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications·Gennady E BronnikovPeter Strålfors
Feb 2, 2008·The Journal of Biological Chemistry·Yan Qun ChenGuoqing Cao
Nov 29, 2008·Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta·Angela A WendelRosalind A Coleman
Apr 2, 2009·American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism·Kazuharu Takeuchi, Karen Reue
Jun 23, 2009·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Maud CondominesBernard Klein
Aug 20, 2010·Journal of Lipid Research·Biao LuKenneth R Feingold
May 28, 2011·Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry·Jia ChengQing-Ning Li
Jan 5, 2012·Toxicologic Pathology·Jessica M EllisRosalind A Coleman

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Citations

Jan 9, 2021·Cancer & Metabolism·Shilpa R NagarajanAndrew J Hoy
Jan 14, 2020·Journal of Medicinal Chemistry·F Anthony RomeroRandall L Halcomb
Apr 28, 2020·European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry·Yu YangLiang Ouyang
Jul 25, 2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Kazunari TanigawaKoichi Suzuki

❮ Previous
Next ❯

Methods Mentioned

BETA
acylation

Related Concepts

Trending Feeds

COVID-19

Coronaviruses encompass a large family of viruses that cause the common cold as well as more serious diseases, such as the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19; formally known as 2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses can spread from animals to humans; symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, and breathing difficulties; in more severe cases, infection can lead to death. This feed covers recent research on COVID-19.

Blastomycosis

Blastomycosis fungal infections spread through inhaling Blastomyces dermatitidis spores. Discover the latest research on blastomycosis fungal infections here.

Nuclear Pore Complex in ALS/FTD

Alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport, controlled by the nuclear pore complex, may be involved in the pathomechanism underlying multiple neurodegenerative diseases including Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Here is the latest research on the nuclear pore complex in ALS and FTD.

Applications of Molecular Barcoding

The concept of molecular barcoding is that each original DNA or RNA molecule is attached to a unique sequence barcode. Sequence reads having different barcodes represent different original molecules, while sequence reads having the same barcode are results of PCR duplication from one original molecule. Discover the latest research on molecular barcoding here.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a disease characterized by unexplained disabling fatigue; the pathology of which is incompletely understood. Discover the latest research on chronic fatigue syndrome here.

Evolution of Pluripotency

Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to develop into three primary germ cell layers of the embryo. This feed focuses on the mechanisms that underlie the evolution of pluripotency. Here is the latest research.

Position Effect Variegation

Position Effect Variagation occurs when a gene is inactivated due to its positioning near heterochromatic regions within a chromosome. Discover the latest research on Position Effect Variagation here.

STING Receptor Agonists

Stimulator of IFN genes (STING) are a group of transmembrane proteins that are involved in the induction of type I interferon that is important in the innate immune response. The stimulation of STING has been an active area of research in the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases. Here is the latest research on STING receptor agonists.

Microbicide

Microbicides are products that can be applied to vaginal or rectal mucosal surfaces with the goal of preventing, or at least significantly reducing, the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Here is the latest research on microbicides.