Transformation/dissolution characterization of tungsten and tungsten compounds for aquatic hazard classification

Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management
Philippa HuntsmanRobert Beaudoin

Abstract

The transformation/dissolution protocol (T/DP) for metals and sparingly soluble metal compounds was applied to determine the transformation/dissolution (T/D) characteristics of yellow tungsten trioxide, WO3 ; blue tungsten oxide, WOx, x taken as 2.9; tungsten disulphide, WS2 ; tungsten metal, W; 3 samples of tungsten carbide, WC; sodium tungstate, Na2 WO4  · 2H2 O; ammonium paratungstate (APT), (NH4 )10 (H2 W12 O42 ) · 4H2 O; and ammonium metatungstate (AMT) (NH4 )6 (H2 W12 O40 ) · 3H2 O. The T/D data were used to derive aquatic hazard classification outcomes under the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (UN GHS) and European Union Classification, Labelling and Packaging of Substances and Mixtures (EU CLP) schemes by comparing the data with selected acute and chronic ecotoxicity reference values (ERVs) of 31 and 3.37 mg W/L, respectively. In addition to the concentration of total dissolved tungsten (W), the T/D solutions were analyzed for the concentration of the tungstate anion, because speciation can be an important factor in establishing the ecotoxicity of dissolved metals. Results show that the tungstate anion was the predominant W-bearing species in solution for all substa...Continue Reading

References

Dec 14, 2005·Journal of Hazardous Materials·A KoutsospyrosN Strigul
Oct 20, 2007·Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management·James M SkeaffPierrette King
Oct 23, 2010·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety·Nikolay Strigul
Mar 23, 2011·Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management·James SkeaffHugo Waeterschoot
Jul 14, 2012·Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management·James M SkeaffBarry Joyce
Aug 12, 2014·Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management·James M Skeaff, Robert Beaudoin
Jun 13, 2016·Marine Pollution Bulletin·P Huntsman-MapilaR Beaudoin

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