Transmission of respiratory tract infections at mass gathering events

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
Eskild PetersenAmal Al Maani

Abstract

Mass gathering events bring people from across all continents increasing the risk of spread of aerosol transmissible respiratory tract infections. Respiratory tract infections for instance in pilgrims attending the world's largest recurring annual pilgrimage, the Hajj are common. We review recent literature on viral and bacterial infectious diseases with special focus on the Hajj. The prevalence of bacterial and viral infections continue to increase, because of the acquisition of rhinovirus, coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, OC43), influenza A H1N1, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus during Hajj. Whilst MERS-CoV continues to circulate in the Middle East, no cases of MERS-CoV have yet been identified in pilgrims during Hajj. Respiratory tract infections are a major cause of morbidity in pilgrims attending mass gathering events. The management of severe respiratory infections should consider investigation and empirical coverage for the most likely agents based on syndromic surveillance data from hosting country and /or other relevant exposure history during events. Pneumococcal and Pertussis vaccines should be recommended for Hajj pilgrims.

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Citations

Sep 13, 2020·European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology·Van-Thuan HoangPhilippe Gautret
Oct 22, 2020·Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease·Hashim MahdiHarunor Rashid
Jan 14, 2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Yeon Jung YuJiho Cha
May 13, 2021·Journal of Travel Medicine·Gillian EllsburyMary Slack

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