Transport of Sulfide-Reduced Graphene Oxide in Saturated Quartz Sand: Cation-Dependent Retention Mechanisms

Environmental Science & Technology
Tianjiao XiaWei Chen

Abstract

We describe how the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) via environmentally relevant pathways affects its transport behavior in porous media. A pair of sulfide-reduced GOs (RGOs), prepared by reducing 10 mg/L GO with 0.1 mM Na2S for 3 and 5 days, respectively, exhibited lower mobility than did parent GO in saturated quartz sand. Interestingly, decreased mobility cannot simply be attributed to the increased hydrophobicity and aggregation upon GO reduction because the retention mechanisms of RGOs were highly cation-dependent. In the presence of Na(+) (a representative monovalent cation), the main retention mechanism was deposition in the secondary energy minimum. However, in the presence of Ca(2+) (a model divalent cation), cation bridging between RGO and sand grains became the most predominant retention mechanism; this was because sulfide reduction markedly increased the amount of hydroxyl groups (a strong metal-complexing moiety) on GO. When Na(+) was the background cation, increasing pH (which increased the accumulation of large hydrated Na(+) ions on grain surface) and the presence of Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) significantly enhanced the transport of RGO, mainly due to steric hindrance. However, pH and SRHA had little effe...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 2, 2016·Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry·Taotao LuWei Chen
Dec 21, 2016·Environmental Science & Technology·Tianjiao XiaMark R Wiesner
Apr 8, 2017·Environmental Pollution·Junxing HuangXu Zhang
Nov 17, 2017·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Chao SongShu-Guang Wang
Sep 11, 2018·Environmental Technology·Vasiliki I SyngounaConstantinos V Chrysikopoulos
Nov 10, 2018·Environmental Pollution·Xia LiuJiaxing Li

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