Abstract
Cytoskeletal structures characterized by actin filaments with uniform lengths, including the thin filaments of striated muscles and the spectrin-based membrane skeleton, use barbed and pointed-end capping proteins to control subunit addition/dissociation at filament ends. While several proteins cap the barbed end, tropomodulins (Tmods), a family of four closely related isoforms in vertebrates, are the only proteins known to specifically cap the pointed end. Tmods are ∼350 amino acids in length, and comprise alternating tropomyosin- and actin-binding sites (TMBS1, ABS1, TMBS2, and ABS2). Leiomodins (Lmods) are related in sequence to Tmods, but display important differences, including most notably the lack of TMBS2 and the presence of a C-terminal extension featuring a proline-rich domain and an actin-binding WASP-Homology 2 domain. The Lmod subfamily comprises three somewhat divergent isoforms expressed predominantly in muscle cells. Biochemically, Lmods differ from Tmods, acting as powerful nucleators of actin polymerization, not capping proteins. Structurally, Lmods and Tmods display crucial differences that correlate well with their different biochemical activities. Physiologically, loss of Lmods in striated muscle results in...Continue Reading
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