Tularemia, a re-emerging infectious disease in Iran and neighboring countrie

Epidemiology and Health
Afsaneh ZargarEhsan Mostafavi

Abstract

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease transmitted by direct contact with infected animals and through arthropod bites, inhalation of contaminated aerosols, ingestion of contaminated meat or water, and skin contact with any infected material. It is widespread throughout the northern hemisphere, including Iran and its neighbors to the north, northeast, and northwest. In this paper, the epidemiology of tularemia as a re-emerging infectious disease in the world with a focus on Iran and the neighboring countries is reviewed. In Iran, positive serological tests were first reported in 1973, in wildlife and domestic livestock in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the country. The first human case was reported in 1980 in the southwest of Iran, and recent studies conducted among at-risk populations in the western, southeastern, and southwestern parts of Iran revealed seroprevalences of 14.4, 6.52, and 6%, respectively. Several factors may explain the absence of reported tularemia cases in Iran since 1980. Tularemia may be underdiagnosed in Iran because Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica is likely to be the major etiological agent and usually causes mild to moderately severe disease. Furthermore, tularemia is not a disease ext...Continue Reading

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Citations

Feb 7, 2017·Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases·Ehsan MostafaviElisabeth Carniel
Jan 13, 2017·The Open Microbiology Journal·Reza RanjbarCaterina Mammina
Mar 2, 2018·Journal of Parasitic Diseases : Official Organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology·Mousa Khosravani
Feb 23, 2020·Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases·Ali MohammadiEhsan Mostafavi
Jun 9, 2019·BMC Infectious Diseases·Saber EsmaeiliEhsan Mostafavi
Jul 26, 2018·Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology·Ehsan MostafaviAnders Johansson
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Apr 20, 2018·PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases·Mohammad Hasan RabieeEhsan Mostafavi
Jan 20, 2021·Military Medicine·Sandra EssbauerRainer G Ulrich
Dec 31, 2020·Microorganisms·Zakaria AbdellahoumIdir Bitam
Dec 11, 2020·Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·Hossein Ahangari CohanEhsan Mostafavi
Apr 2, 2021·BMC Infectious Diseases·Saber EsmaeiliEhsan Mostafavi
Jun 1, 2021·Frontiers in Microbiology·Stephen J Kassinger, Monique L van Hoek
Jun 11, 2021·Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease·Parisa Soltan-Alinejad, Aboozar Soltani

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