Type 3 regulatory T cells at the interface of symbiosis

The Journal of Microbiology
Joo-Hong Park, G Eberl

Abstract

The mammalian gastrointestinal tract accommodates trillions of bacteria, many of which provide beneficial effects to the host, including protection from pathogenic microorganisms and essential metabolites. However, the intestinal immune system needs to adapt to the constantly fluctuating microbial environment at mucosal surfaces in order to maintain homeostasis. In particular, the gut microbiota induces the differentiation of effector Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express RORγt, the master regulator of antimicrobial type 3 immunity. RORγt+Tregs constitute a major population of colonic Tregs that is distinct from thymusderived Tregs and require bacterial antigens for differentiation. The balance between Th17 cells and RORγt+Tregs, that is, the tone of the local type 3 immune response, is regulated by the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid produced by the host. Furthermore, Th17 cells and RORγt+Tregs regulate intestinal type 2 immune responses, explaining how bacteria block allergic reactions. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation, regulation and function of RORγt+(type 3) Tregs, and discuss the multiple equilibria that exist between effector T cells and Tregs, as w...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 2, 2018·The Journal of Microbiology·Woojun Park
Nov 12, 2018·Auto- Immunity Highlights·Georgios K VasileiadisGeorgios M Hadjigeorgiou
May 16, 2019·Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology·Margherita T CantornaJuhi Arora
Aug 23, 2020·Journal of Clinical Medicine·Agostino Di CiaulaPiero Portincasa
Oct 18, 2019·Journal of Hepatology·Agustín AlbillosMaría Rescigno
May 6, 2021·Genes and Immunity·Rekha B PanwarThomas B Clarke
Sep 5, 2021·The Journal of Immunology : Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists·Lucie Bernard-RaichonGeanncarlo Lugo-Villarino

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