Ubiquitin enzymes in the regulation of immune responses

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Petra EbnerFumiyo Ikeda

Abstract

Ubiquitination plays a central role in the regulation of various biological functions including immune responses. Ubiquitination is induced by a cascade of enzymatic reactions by E1 ubiquitin activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, and E3 ubiquitin ligase, and reversed by deubiquitinases. Depending on the enzymes, specific linkage types of ubiquitin chains are generated or hydrolyzed. Because different linkage types of ubiquitin chains control the fate of the substrate, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of ubiquitin enzymes is central. In this review, we highlight the most recent knowledge of ubiquitination in the immune signaling cascades including the T cell and B cell signaling cascades as well as the TNF signaling cascade regulated by various ubiquitin enzymes. Furthermore, we highlight the TRIM ubiquitin ligase family as one of the examples of critical E3 ubiquitin ligases in the regulation of immune responses.

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Citations

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
acetylation
ubiquitination
deubiquitination
GTPases
GTPase
ubiquitinate
electron microscopy
transfection
size exclusion chromatography

Software Mentioned

GRAIL
AIRE
STING

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