Ultrafast nonthermal heating of water initiated by an X-ray Free-Electron Laser

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Kenneth R BeyerleinC Caleman

Abstract

The bright ultrafast pulses of X-ray Free-Electron Lasers allow investigation into the structure of matter under extreme conditions. We have used single pulses to ionize and probe water as it undergoes a phase transition from liquid to plasma. We report changes in the structure of liquid water on a femtosecond time scale when irradiated by single 6.86 keV X-ray pulses of more than 106 J/cm2 These observations are supported by simulations based on molecular dynamics and plasma dynamics of a water system that is rapidly ionized and driven out of equilibrium. This exotic ionic and disordered state with the density of a liquid is suggested to be structurally different from a neutral thermally disordered state.

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Citations

Sep 17, 2020·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·Felix LehmkühlerGerhard Grübel
Sep 7, 2019·Physical Review Letters·Alfonso M Gañán-Calvo
Feb 21, 2019·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·John T Costello, Steven T Manson
Apr 22, 2021·The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters·Manoj MandalHiroshi Ishikita
Jul 2, 2021·Journal of the American Chemical Society·Jiyu XuSheng Meng
Sep 4, 2021·Journal of Synchrotron Radiation·Kajwal Kumar PatraNicusor Timneanu

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