Underdiagnosis of mild cognitive impairment: A consequence of ignoring practice effects

Alzheimer's & Dementia : Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring
Jeremy A ElmanWilliam S Kremen

Abstract

Longitudinal testing is necessary to accurately measure cognitive change. However, repeated testing is susceptible to practice effects, which may obscure true cognitive decline and delay detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We retested 995 late-middle-aged men in a ∼6-year follow-up of the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. In addition, 170 age-matched replacements were tested for the first time at study wave 2. Group differences were used to calculate practice effects after controlling for attrition effects. MCI diagnoses were generated from practice-adjusted scores. There were significant practice effects on most cognitive domains. Conversion to MCI doubled after correcting for practice effects, from 4.5% to 9%. Importantly, practice effects were present although there were declines in uncorrected scores. Accounting for practice effects is critical to early detection of MCI. Declines, when lower than expected, can still indicate practice effects. Replacement participants are needed for accurately assessing disease progression.

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Citations

Sep 19, 2018·Neuropsychology, Development, and Cognition. Section B, Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition·Molly MemelElizabeth L Glisky
Jan 15, 2020·Twin Research and Human Genetics : the Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies·William S KremenMichael J Lyons
Aug 16, 2019·Journal of Neurology·Lei ZhuangJianqun Gao
Apr 15, 2020·Alzheimer's & Dementia : Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring·Daniel E GustavsonWilliam S Kremen
Oct 28, 2019·Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology : the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists·Alyssa N De VitoJeffrey N Keller
Jun 21, 2018·Behavior Genetics·Daniel E GustavsonWilliam S Kremen
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Feb 6, 2020·International Psychogeriatrics·Emily B H TreichlerDilip V Jeste
Jul 27, 2021·Journal of Alzheimer's Disease : JAD·Daniel E GustavsonWilliam S Kremen
Aug 17, 2021·Brain Communications·McKenna E WilliamsWilliam S Kremen
Jul 7, 2021·European Geriatric Medicine·Stephen C CunnaneAlfonso J Cruz-Jentoft

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