Understanding and defining sanitation insecurity: women's gendered experiences of urination, defecation and menstruation in rural Odisha, India

BMJ Global Health
Bethany A CarusoHannah L F Cooper

Abstract

Research suggests that the lived experience of inadequate sanitation may contribute to poor health outcomes above and beyond pathogen exposure, particularly among women. The goal of this research was to understand women's lived experiences of sanitation by documenting their urination-related, defecation-related and menstruation-related concerns, to use findings to develop a definition of sanitation insecurity among women in low-income settings and to develop a conceptual model to explain the factors that contribute to their experiences, including potential behavioural and health consequences. We conducted 69 Free-List Interviews and eight focus group discussions in a rural population in Odisha, India to identify women's sanitation concerns and to build an understanding of sanitation insecurity. We found that women at different life stages in rural Odisha, India have a multitude of unaddressed urination, defecation and menstruation concerns. Concerns fell into four domains: the sociocultural context, the physical environment, the social environment and personal constraints. These varied by season, time of day, life stage and toilet ownership, and were linked with an array of adaptations (ie, suppression, withholding food and wat...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 3, 2019·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Anoop JainS V Subramanian
Mar 29, 2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Jiseon YouIoannis Ieropoulos
Mar 4, 2020·The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene·Anna EllisMatthew C Freeman
May 21, 2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Bethany A CarusoThomas Clasen
Jun 5, 2020·Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy·Kavitha Murthi, Karen Whalley Hammell
Aug 23, 2019·Environmental Management·Luke JuranShaifali Prajapati
Sep 13, 2019·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Deepa R CamengaUNKNOWN Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium
Jun 26, 2020·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Renee De ShayBethany A Caruso
May 13, 2018·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health·Julie HenneganKellogg J Schwab
Jun 19, 2019·Bulletin of the World Health Organization·Georgia L KayserAnita Raj
Nov 19, 2020·International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being·Anise Gold-WattsSheri Bastien
Feb 19, 2021·Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters·Lucy C WilsonAmelia C L Mackenzie

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