Unsettled Issues and Future Directions for Research on Cardiovascular Diseases in Women

Korean Circulation Journal
Vera Regitz-Zagrosek

Abstract

Biological sex (being female or male) significantly influences the course of disease. This simple fact must be considered in all cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy. However, major gaps in knowledge about and awareness of cardiovascular disease in women still impede the implementation of sex-specific strategies. Among the gaps are a lack of understanding of the pathophysiology of women-biased coronary artery disease syndromes (spasms, dissections, Takotsubo syndrome), sex differences in cardiomyopathies and heart failure, a higher prevalence of cardiomyopathies with sarcomeric mutations in men, a higher prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in women, and sex-specific disease mechanisms, as well as sex differences in sudden cardiac arrest and long QT syndrome. Basic research strategies must do more to include female-specific aspects of disease such as the genetic imbalance of 2 versus one X chromosome and the effects of sex hormones. Drug therapy in women also needs more attention. Furthermore, pregnancy-associated cardiovascular disease must be considered a potential risk factor in women, including pregnancy-related coronary artery dissection, preeclampsia, and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Finally, the soc...Continue Reading

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Citations

Nov 28, 2019·Journal of the American Heart Association·Hyun-Jung LeeSeil Oh
Jan 24, 2021·Cardiovascular Research·Wern Yew DingGregory Y H Lip
Dec 30, 2021·Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz·Annette Opitz-Welke, Norbert Konrad

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
dissection
imaging techniques
coronary artery bypass

Software Mentioned

GendAge
GenCAD

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