PMID: 11323793Apr 27, 2001Paper

Use of MMT in Canadian gasoline: health and environment issues

American Journal of Industrial Medicine
Joseph Zayed

Abstract

Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is an organic derivative of manganese (Mn) used in Canadian gasoline since 1976 as an antiknock agent and to improve octane rating. Combustion products of MMT are mainly a mixture of Mn phosphate and Mn sulfate. In 1997, the Canadian federal government adopted a law (C-29) which banned both the interprovincial trade and the importation for commercial purposes of manganese-based substances, including MMT. However, the government reworded this law in July 1998 so that manganese-based fuel additives were not included in the restrictions. MMT is now approved for use in Argentina, Australia, Bulgaria, the United States, France, Russia, and conditionally in New Zealand. Nevertheless, these countries are not using MMT intensively and they are waiting for strong evidence of the absence of effects on human health. Even after several years of use of MMT in Canada, many uncertainties remain. Different methods were used in order to assess (1) environmental contamination and human exposure to the parental form of MMT, (2) nitrogen oxides (NO(x)) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions associated with the use of MMT, and (3) qualitative and quantitative assessments of Mn emissions to the environm...Continue Reading

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Citations

Sep 12, 2002·Environment International·S Granero, J L Domingo
Apr 25, 2016·Environmental Research·José Antonio Menezes-FilhoDonna Mergler
Oct 13, 2004·Environmental Research·Halina RöllinFrancois Wewers
Dec 23, 2017·Occupational and Environmental Medicine·Mengting XuVikki Ho
Apr 27, 2001·American Journal of Industrial Medicine·P J Landrigan
Jul 10, 2003·International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health·Barry S Levy, William J Nassetta
Mar 17, 2007·Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. Part a·Roberto GwiazdaDonald Smith
Jan 24, 2006·American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology·Elizabeth A HeiligMarianne Wessling-Resnick
Jan 23, 2016·Toxicology and Industrial Health·Bing XiaXiaobo Yang
Aug 25, 2018·Environmental Science and Pollution Research International·Run LiuZhihui Wang
Jun 15, 2007·American Journal of Industrial Medicine·Michael P Walsh
Jul 26, 2006·Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT·Fariba SalehiJoseph Zayed
Jan 8, 2011·The Science of the Total Environment·Stuart BattermanInakshi Naik
Apr 6, 2021·Journal of Movement Disorders·Dinkar KulshreshthaMandar Jog

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