Valence and Intensity of Video Stimuli of Dogs and Conspecifics in Sheep: Approach-Avoidance, Operant Response, and Attention

Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
Camille M C Raoult, Lorenz Gygax

Abstract

Stimuli are often presumed to be either negative or positive. However, animals' judgement of their negativity or positivity cannot generally be assumed. A possibility to assess emotional states in animals elicited by stimuli is to investigate animal preferences and their motivation to gain access to these stimuli. This study's aim was to assess the valence of social stimuli in sheep. We used silent videos of varying intensity of dogs as negative versus conspecifics as positive stimuli in three approaches: (1) an approach⁻avoidance paradigm; (2) operant conditioning using the video stimuli as reinforcers; and (3) an attention test. In the latter, we assessed differential attention of sheep to simultaneous projections by automatically tracking sheep head and ear postures and recording brain activity. With these approaches, it was difficult to support that the sheep's reactions varied according to the stimuli's presumed valence and intensity. The approach⁻avoidance paradigm and attention test did not support the assumption that dog videos were more negative than sheep videos, though sheep reacted to the stimuli presented. Results from the operant conditioning indicated that sheep were more prone to avoid videos of moving dogs. Ove...Continue Reading

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Citations

Aug 23, 2018·Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI·Angela Henzen, Lorenz Gygax
Aug 9, 2018·Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI·Andrew CrumpEmily J Bethell
Jan 2, 2019·Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI·Matteo ChincariniGiorgio Vignola
Aug 6, 2020·Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI·Jessica E MonkDana L M Campbell
May 28, 2019·Scientific Reports·Camille M C Raoult, Lorenz Gygax
Nov 2, 2019·Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision·Angelo SassaroliSergio Fantini
Dec 1, 2020·Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS·K L KrugmannI Czycholl
May 8, 2021·Royal Society Open Science·C M C RaoultC Nawroth

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
infrared spectroscopy

Software Mentioned

OxyPrem
DHARMa
psych
lme4
glmer lme4
lmer
pbkrtest
TRACKPACK

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