Validation of two accelerated 4D flow MRI sequences at 3 T: a phantom study

European Radiology Experimental
Sebastian EbelMatthias Gutberlet

Abstract

Four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences with advanced parallel imaging have the potential to reduce scan time with equivalent image quality and accuracy compared with standard two-dimensional (2D) flow MRI. We compared 4D flow to standard 2D flow sequences using a constant and pulsatile flow phantom at 3 T. Two accelerated 4D flow sequences (GRAPPA2 and k-t-GRAPPA5) were evaluated regarding the concordance of flow volumes, flow velocities, and reproducibility as well as dependency on measuring plane and velocity encoding (Venc). The calculated flow volumes and peak velocities of the phantom were used as reference standard. Flow analysis was performed using the custom-made software "Bloodline". No significant differences in flow volume were found between the 2D, both 4D flow MRI sequences, and the pump reference (p = 0.994) or flow velocities (p = 0.998) in continuous and pulsatile flow. An excellent correlation (R = 0.99-1.0) with a reference standard and excellent reproducibility of measurements (R = 0.99) was achieved for all sequences. A Venc overestimated by up to two times had no impact on flow measurements. However, misaligned measuring planes led to an increasing underestimation of flow volu...Continue Reading

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Citations

Mar 11, 2020·Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering·Gilles SoulatMichael Markl
Feb 6, 2021·Magnetic Resonance in Medicine : Official Journal of the Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine·Soroush Heidari PahlavianLirong Yan

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Software Mentioned

GRAPPA2
MedCalc
GRAPPA
Bloodline

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