PMID: 9555991Apr 29, 1998Paper

Venous gangrene of the upper extremity

Annals of Plastic Surgery
B R KaufmanN A Nyström

Abstract

Venous gangrene of the upper extremity is a rare entity and is the result of massive occlusion of all venous outflow of the extremity. The syndrome is strongly associated with hypercoagulable states including malignancy, low cardiac output states, and hereditary or acquired hematological abnormalities. Diagnosis can be straightforward but must be made early in the course of the process for treatment to be effective. Treatment has historically produced only modest results, and patients continue to suffer a high morbidity and mortality. We present a series of 6 patients with venous gangrene or impending venous gangrene of the upper extremities--a relatively large series. Two patients suffered from malignancy, 3 patients suffered from low-flow cardiac states, and 1 patient suffered from an overdose of calcium channel blockers. Hematological abnormalities included heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis in 3 patients, activated protein C resistance in 1 patient, and lupus anticoagulant in 1 patient. Three patients experienced other major venous thrombotic complications, two of whom died (renal and cerebral venous infarction). Venous gangrene of the upper extremity remains a rare occurrence but one in which early identificat...Continue Reading

Citations

Jun 19, 2016·Journal of Vascular Surgery. Venous and Lymphatic Disorders·Jeffrey D CrawfordGregory L Moneta
Mar 17, 2004·Toxicon : Official Journal of the International Society on Toxinology·Marietta Flores-Díaz, Alberto Alape-Girón
Feb 26, 2016·Vascular and Endovascular Surgery·Jacques GreenbergKeith D Calligaro
Aug 12, 2010·Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/hemostasis : Official Journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis·Muzammil H MusaniMary A Verardi
Jan 31, 2012·The Journal of Vascular Access·Bernhard PetritschJan P Goltz
Jun 7, 2020·Microorganisms·Konstantinos N MalizosZoe C Dailiana

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