Vestigial prototroch in a basal nemertean, Carinoma tremaphoros (Nemertea; Palaeonemertea)

Evolution & Development
Svetlana A MaslakovaJon L Norenburg

Abstract

Nemerteans have been alleged to belong to a protostome clade called the Trochozoa that includes mollusks, annelids, sipunculids, echiurids, and kamptozoans and is characterized by, among other things, the trochophore larva. The trochophore possesses a prototroch, a preoral belt of specialized ciliary cells, derived from the trochoblast cells. Nemertea is the only trochozoan phylum for which presence of the trochophore larva possessing a prototroch had never been shown. However, so little is known about nemertean larval development that comparing it with development of other trochozoans is difficult. Development in the nemertean clade Pilidiophora is via a highly specialized planktonic larva, the pilidium, and most of the larval body is lost during a drastic metamorphosis. Other nemerteans (hoplonemerteans and palaeonemerteans) lack a pilidium, and their development is direct, forming either an encapsulated or planktonic "planuliform" larva, producing a juvenile without a dramatic change in body plan. We show that early in the development of a member of a basal nemertean assemblage, the palaeonemertean Carinoma tremaphoros, large squamous cells cover the entire larval surface except for the apical and posterior regions. Although...Continue Reading

References

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Citations

Sep 1, 2005·Development Genes and Evolution·Andreas WanningerBernard M Degnan
Feb 28, 2013·Nature Communications·Hiroaki NakanoMichael C Thorndyke
May 12, 2011·Integrative and Comparative Biology·Svetlana A Maslakova
May 12, 2011·Integrative and Comparative Biology·Andreas Hejnol
Jan 15, 2008·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·Gonzalo Giribet
Jan 20, 2010·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences·Cesar Arenas-Mena
Nov 26, 2009·BMC Evolutionary Biology·Nora Brinkmann, Andreas Wanninger
Dec 4, 2010·Frontiers in Zoology·Svetlana A Maslakova
Mar 14, 2007·Gene Expression Patterns : GEP·Cesar Arenas-MenaNavid Arandi-Forosani
May 28, 2009·Evolution & Development·D Marcela Bolaños, Marian K Litvaitis
May 5, 2018·Integrative and Comparative Biology·David A Gold
Aug 22, 2012·Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution·Svetlana A Maslakova, George von Dassow
May 26, 2005·Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution·Claus Nielsen
Aug 16, 2018·Royal Society Open Science·Claus Nielsen
Aug 24, 2018·Nature Ecology & Evolution·Claus NielsenDetlev Arendt
Jan 15, 2019·Current Biology : CB·Ferdinand MarlétazDaniel S Rokhsar

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