Viruses in type 1 diabetes: brief review

ILAR Journal
Ji-Won Yoon, Hee-Sook Jun

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes results from the progressive destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. Although the etiology of type 1 diabetes is believed to have a major genetic component, studies on the risk of developing type 1 diabetes suggest that environmental factors, such as viruses, may be important etiological determinants. Among the viruses, the most clear and unequivocal evidence that a virus induces type 1 diabetes in animals comes from studies on the D variant of encephalomyocarditis (EMC-D) virus in mice and Kilham rat virus (KRV) in rats. A high titer of EMC-D viral infection results in the development of diabetes within 3 days, primarily due to the rapid destruction of beta cells by viral replication within the cells. A low titer of EMC-D viral infection results in the recruitment of macrophages to the islets. Soluble mediators produced by the activated macrophages such as interleukin-1Beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and nitric oxide play a critical role in the destruction of residual beta cells. KRV causes autoimmune type 1 diabetes in diabetes resistant-BioBreeding rats by breakdown of immune balance, including the preferential activation of effector T cells, such as Th1-like CD45RC+CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T ...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jul 2, 2004·ILAR Journal·Stephen W Barthold
Jul 20, 2006·Annual Review of Nutrition·David E LefebvreFraser W Scott
Sep 2, 2008·Emerging Infectious Diseases·Jan Felix DrexlerChristian Drosten
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Dec 11, 2019·Current Diabetes Reports·Rebecca C WyattSarah J Richardson
Oct 23, 2020·Diabetology International·Yoichi Oikawa, Akira Shimada

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