Visual System Assessment in Infants, Children, and Young Adults by Pediatricians

Pediatrics
Sean P DonahueAMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CERTIFIED ORTHOPTISTS

Abstract

Appropriate visual assessments help identify children who may benefit from early interventions to correct or improve vision. Examination of the eyes and visual system should begin in the nursery and continue throughout both childhood and adolescence during routine well-child visits in the medical home. Newborn infants should be examined using inspection and red reflex testing to detect structural ocular abnormalities, such as cataract, corneal opacity, and ptosis. Instrument-based screening, if available, should be first attempted between 12 months and 3 years of age and at annual well-child visits until acuity can be tested directly. Direct testing of visual acuity can often begin by 4 years of age, using age-appropriate symbols (optotypes). Children found to have an ocular abnormality or who fail a vision assessment should be referred to a pediatric ophthalmologist or an eye care specialist appropriately trained to treat pediatric patients.

References

Dec 26, 2001·Ophthalmology·S P Donahue, T M Johnson
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Jun 7, 2008·Journal of AAPOS : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·Shaival ShahAshish Mehta
Dec 3, 2008·Pediatrics·UNKNOWN American Academy of PediatricsUNKNOWN American Association of Certified Orthoptists
May 10, 2012·Ophthalmic Epidemiology·Ursula M Donnelly
Oct 31, 2012·Pediatrics·Joseph M MillerUNKNOWN American Association of Certified Orthoptists
Jan 2, 2013·Pediatrics·Walter M FiersonUNKNOWN American Association of Certified Orthoptists
Feb 13, 2013·Pediatrics·Susannah Q LongmuirWilliam E Scott
May 30, 2013·Ophthalmic Epidemiology·Audrey ChiaSeang-Mei Saw
Jun 26, 2013·Journal of AAPOS : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·Justin D Bloomberg, Donny W Suh
Sep 7, 2013·Journal of Medical Screening·Harry J de KoningHuibert J Simonsz
Oct 29, 2013·Journal of AAPOS : the Official Publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·Kristiane M RansbargerLeila M Khazaeni

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Citations

Sep 25, 2017·Birth Defects Research·Steven Van CruchtenKarel Allegaert
Jul 2, 2019·Current Opinion in Ophthalmology·Julia E Reid, Eric Eaton
Jul 23, 2020·Autism : the International Journal of Research and Practice·Olivia J LindlyKaren A Kuhlthau
Sep 8, 2020·European Journal of Public Health·Catharina P B Van der PloegPaul H Verkerk
May 27, 2020·Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·Mae Millicent W PeterseimBethany J Wolf
Feb 15, 2018·Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers & Imaging Retina·Cassie A LudwigDarius M Moshfeghi
Sep 10, 2021·BMC Pediatrics·Sophie Jullien

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