PMID: 16509336Mar 3, 2006Paper

Visualizing the air-to-leaf transfer and within-leaf movement and distribution of phenanthrene: further studies utilizing two-photon excitation microscopy

Environmental Science & Technology
Edward WildKevin C Jones

Abstract

Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPEM) was used to monitor the air-to-leaf transfer and within-leaf movement and distribution of phenanthrene in two plant species (maize and spinach) grown within a contaminated atmosphere. Phenanthrene was visualized within the leaf cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular system of living maize and spinach plants. No detectable levels of phenanthrene were observed in the roots or stems of either species, suggesting phenanthrene entered the leaves only from the air. Phenanthrene was observed in both the abaxial and adaxial cuticles of both species. Particulate material (aerosols/dust) contaminated with phenanthrene was located at the surface of the cuticle and became encapsulated within the cuticularwaxes. Overtime, diffuse areas of phenanthrene formed within the adjacent cuticle. However, most of the visualized phenanthrene reaching the leaves arrived via gas-phase transfer. Phenanthrene was found within the wax plugs of stomata of both species and on the external surface of the stomatal pore, but not on the internal surface, or within the sub-stomatal cavity. Phenanthrene diffused through the cuticles of both species in 24-48 h, entering the epidermis to reside predominantly within the ce...Continue Reading

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Citations

Jun 28, 2007·Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology·Anders R Johnsen, Ulrich Karlson
Apr 9, 2013·Environmental Science & Technology·Dorine DesalmeGeneviève Chiapusio
Dec 17, 2014·Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)·Valeria SpagnuoloSimonetta Giordano
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