Vitamin D Intake among Premenopausal Women Living in Jeddah: Food Sources and Relationship to Demographic Factors and Bone Health

Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism
Tahani A ZareefAbdulkareem A Alkahtani

Abstract

Saudi women depend on food sources to maintain their serum 25(OH) D concentrations because covering by traditional clothing and time spent indoors limit their sun exposure. Little is known about vitamin D intake and its main food sources in Saudi Arabia. In addition, the association between vitamin D and calcium intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in young women is not well researched. To assess the adequacy of vitamin D intake among Saudi women as compared to the estimated average requirements (EARs), to identify dietary vitamin D sources, to examine potential determinants of vitamin D intake, and to assess bone health and the association of calcium and vitamin D intake with BMD. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 257 premenopausal women aged 20-50 years in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Dietary vitamin D and calcium were assessed by the Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a subset of women (n=102) at the lumbar spine and femur neck. Sixty-five percent of women were below the EAR for vitamin D, and 61% fell below the EAR for calcium. Dairy products, supplements, and fish contributed most to vitamin D intake. Increased age was an independent determina...Continue Reading

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Citations

May 27, 2020·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism·Jessica PepeSerge Ferrari
Jan 1, 2020·Scientific Reports·Nora A AlFarisEbtisam S AlMudawah
May 1, 2021·Women & Health·Jasmina R MilovanovicRadmila Velickovic Radovanovic

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
sandwich immunoassay
X-ray

Software Mentioned

Statistical Package for Social Science ( SPSS )
G∗Power

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