Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in infants and children

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis
A H Sutor

Abstract

The historical term "hemorrhagic disease of the newborn," which is used as a synonym for vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) in infancy, preferably should be abandoned, since neonatal bleeding is often not due to vitamin K (VK) deficiency and VKDB may occur after the neonatal period. VKDB is a form of bleeding that is caused by reduced activity of VK-dependent coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, X), has normal or even increased activity of VK-independent coagulation factors, and responds to VK. Acarboxy proteins are present. In a bleeding infant a prolonged one-stage prothrombin time (a decreased Quick value, which means prothrombin time expressed as percent of normal) in association with a normal (or increased) fibrinogen level and platelet count is almost diagnostic of VKDB. The diagnosis is proven, if administration of VK is followed by a shortening of the prothrombin time (after only 30 minutes) or cessation of bleeding. Classification is by age of onset as early, classic, and late form of VKDB. Rare cases of VKDB occur also after week 15; therefore the upper age limit should be 6 months and not 3 months. In idiopathic VKDB the cause (ther than breast-feeding) is unknown. In secondary VKDB additional factors can be demonstra...Continue Reading

Citations

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Jan 27, 2021·Clinics in Laboratory Medicine·HyoJeong HanJun Teruya
Mar 20, 2021·Frontiers in Pediatrics·Patricia Davenport, Martha Sola-Visner

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