Whole-exome sequencing reveals the origin and evolution of hepato-cholangiocarcinoma

Nature Communications
Anqiang WangHaitao Zhao

Abstract

Hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (H-ChC) is a rare subtype of liver cancer with clinicopathological features of both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). To date, molecular mechanisms underlying the co-existence of HCC and iCCA components in a single tumor remain elusive. Here, we show that H-ChC samples contain substantial private mutations from WES analyses, ranging from 33.1 to 86.4%, indicative of substantive intratumor heterogeneity (ITH). However, on the other hand, numerous ubiquitous mutations shared by HCC and iCCA suggest the monoclonal origin of H-ChC. Mutated genes identified herein, e.g., VCAN, ACVR2A, and FCGBP, are speculated to contribute to distinct differentiation of HCC and iCCA within H-ChC. Moreover, immunohistochemistry demonstrates that EpCAM is highly expressed in 80% of H-ChC, implying the stemness of such liver cancer. In summary, our data highlight the monoclonal origin and stemness of H-ChC, as well as substantial intratumoral heterogeneity.

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Datasets Mentioned

BETA
EGAS00001002783

Methods Mentioned

BETA
exome sequencing
PCR
exome-sequencing

Software Mentioned

GATK
ABSOLUTE
Genome Analysis Toolkit ( GATK )
GATK HaplotypeCaller
Picard
MuTech
iCCA
RealignerTargetCreator
Strelka
Indelrealigner

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