Will Attention by Vaccine Developers to the Host's Nuclear Hormone Levels and Immunocompetence Improve Vaccine Success?

Vaccines
Robert E SealyJulia L Hurwitz

Abstract

Despite extraordinary advances in fields of immunology and infectious diseases, vaccine development remains a challenge. The development of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, for example, has spanned more than 50 years of research with studies of more than 100 vaccine candidates. Dozens of attractive vaccine products have entered clinical trials, but none have completed the path to licensing. Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development has proven equally difficult, as there is no licensed product after more than 30 years of pre-clinical and clinical research. Here, we examine vaccine development with attention to the host. We discuss how nuclear hormones, including vitamins and sex hormones, can influence responses to vaccines. We show how nuclear hormones interact with regulatory elements of immunoglobulin gene loci and how the deletion of estrogen response elements from gene enhancers will alter patterns of antibody isotype expression. Based on these findings, and findings that nuclear hormone levels are often insufficient or deficient among individuals in both developed and developing countries, we suggest that failed vaccine studies may in some cases reflect weaknesses of the host rather than the product. We encour...Continue Reading

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Citations

Apr 5, 2020·The FEBS Journal·William J OlsonNatascha Hermann-Kleiter
Jun 24, 2020·Clinical Transplantation·Rebecca Pellett MadanJulia L Hurwitz
Jul 19, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Bart G JonesJulia L Hurwitz
Aug 6, 2019·Frontiers in Immunology·Rhiannon R PenkertJulia L Hurwitz
Aug 8, 2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences·Sherri L SurmanJulia L Hurwitz
Aug 8, 2021·The Journal of Investigative Dermatology·Enze XingJohann E Gudjonsson

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
immunoprecipitation

Software Mentioned

Integrative Genomics Viewer

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