Zero-mode waveguides for single-molecule analysis

Annual Review of Biophysics
Paul Zhu, Harold G Craighead

Abstract

We review the optical properties, fabrication, and applications of zero-mode waveguides (ZMWs) for single-molecule studies. These simple nano-structures allow individual molecules to be isolated for optical analysis at high concentrations. Fluorescent species are observed in a sufficiently small volume that the average number of fluorescent molecules is less than one, even at concentrations high enough for biochemical reactions to proceed at normal rates. Arrays of such structures can also be engineered into systems for real-time analysis of large numbers of single-molecule reactions or binding events. We also review the integration of ZMWs in different optical configurations and microfluidic systems.

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Methods Mentioned

BETA
fluorescence microscopy
scanning microscopy
confocal microscopy
electron beam lithography
fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
FCS
cross-correlation spectroscopy
fluorescence

Software Mentioned

FIONA
NSOM
TIRF

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